Thermalization Mechanisms in Compact Sources

There is strong observational evidence that a quasi-thermal population of electrons (or pairs) exists in compact X-ray sources. It is, however, unclear what mechanism thermalizes the particles. Here, two processes, Coulomb scattering and synchrotron self-absorption, that may be responsible for the thermalization, are reviewed. The parameter spaces in which respective process dominates are given. While the Coulomb thermalization mechanism is well-known, this is not the case for the synchrotron self-absorption thermalization. We give the arguments that synchrotron self-absorption must act as a thermalizing mechanism in sufficiently compact sources. The emitting and absorbing electrons then exchange energy efficiently with the self-absorbed synchrotron radiation field and are driven towards a relativistic or mildly relativistic thermal distribution in a few synchrotron cooling times (the “synchrotron boiler”).